Prepared by Dr. Ahmet Mucteba YILDIRIM Staging plays a crucial role in treatment planning and prognosis estimation for primary bone and soft tissue tumours. The two main systems used in orthopaedic oncology are: Enneking Staging System (commonly used in surgical planning) AJCC TNM Staging System (widely used in oncology) 1. Enneking Staging – Bone Sarcomas…
prepared by Dr. Alper DUNKI Plain radiography remains the first-line and often diagnostic in most bone tumors, while CT provides detailed cortical and 3D anatomical evaluation. MRI offers superior soft-tissue and marrow contrast, essential for assessing intramedullary extension and surgical margins. PET/CT assist in detecting metastases and evaluating treatment response. 1. Introduction 2. Plain Radiography…
prepared by Dr. Hakan ESKARA The WHO introduced the classification of soft tissue and bone tumors (fifth edition) in 2020.The new WHO classification of soft tissue and bone tumors, introduced in 2020 (fifth edition), has made significant improvements in classification and introduced many new diagnoses. Histologic Subtypes of Soft Tissue Sarcomas 1. Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma…
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Dr. Omer POLAT Overview The human spine is a complex, segmented column providing both mobility and stability for the body. It consists of 33 vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 fused sacral, and 4 fused coccygeal segments. These vertebrae are interconnected through discs, ligaments, and muscles, forming a biomechanically dynamic structure that supports…
Dr. Sefa Giray BATIBAY Musculoskeletal tumours are diverse, historically classified by morphology and histology.WHO classification is the gold standard. Advances in molecular biology, cytogenetics, and sequencing improved diagnostic precision (e.g., EWS-FLI1 in Ewing sarcoma, USP6 rearrangement in ABC). Tissue of Origin Most arise from mesenchymal tissue (bone, cartilage, fibrous tissue, fat, muscle). Some from neuroectodermal cells (nerve sheath tumours, PNET). Others…
