Prepared by Dr. Alper DUNKI Spot Knowledge General Features Tendons transmit muscle force to bone, enabling joint motion. Their primary roles include force transmission, energy storage, and providing elasticity. They also contribute to joint stability. Structural Composition Tendons are composed of 65–80% water. Approximately 86% of the dry weight is collagen. Proteoglycans constitute 1%, and…
Prepared by Dr. Alper DUNKI Spot Knowledge Definition & Importance Basic Concepts Newton’s Laws of Motion Fundamental Tools Kinematics vs Kinetics Examples of Joint Mechanics Elbow (90° flexion, holding weight): Hip (single-leg stance): References
Prepared by Dr. Alper DUNKI Spot Knowledge – Articular Cartilage Articular Cartilage: Structure, Components, and Clinical Relevance Overview Articular cartilage is composed predominantly of extracellular matrix (ECM, ~95%) and a small number of chondrocytes (~5%). Chondrocytes maintain ECM homeostasis throughout life. The main components of ECM are water, collagen, and proteoglycans. Water Water accounts for…
Prepared by Dr. Alper DUNKI Peripheral Nerves General Features Peripheral nerves connect the central nervous system with muscles, bones, joints, tendons, and skin. They play a role in both motor and sensory transmission. Voluntary movement, reflex activity, and sensory perception rely on the integrity of these structures. Basic Structure of the Neuron Axonal Structure Axon…
Prepared by Dr. Alper DUNKI Spot Knowledge Types of Nerve Injury Types of Nerve Injury Compression occurs when pressure is applied to a peripheral nerve, leading to ischemia and potentially necrosis over time. The first structure affected is the myelin sheath, and with progression, axon loss may develop. It can be seen in disc herniation or advanced carpal tunnel syndrome. Prolonged pressure can cause permanent motor…
Prepared by Dr. Alper DUNKI Spot Knowledge Cartilage and Bone Development Growth Plate Structure Biochemistry & Mineralization Hormonal & Nutritional Regulation Biomechanics & Growth Plate Injury Pathological Conditions References
Prepared by Dr. Alper DUNKI Spot Knowledge Cellular Structures and Functions Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Intracellular Signal Transduction DNA & Genetics RNA Biology Gene Expression & Protein Synthesis Molecular Biology & Protein Techniques Immunology Stem Cells Organelle Function Clinical Relevance Nucleus Stores DNA Cancer karyotyping, mitotic abnormalities Nucleolus Ribosome synthesis Bloom, Treacher Collins, Rothmund-Thomson Mitochondria ATP production Neuromuscular disease,…
Prepared by Dr. Alper DUNKI Articular cartilage is a specialised connective tissue covering joint surfaces, providing a low-friction, load-bearing interface essential for joint motion and integrity. Structure and Composition: Functions: Biomechanical Properties: Injury and Degeneration: Assessment Modalities: Repair Techniques: Orthopaedic Relevance:
Prepared by Dr. Alper DUNKI Spot Knowledge Structure Neuromuscular Transmission Contraction Fiber Types Energetics Injury & Repair Immobilization Skeletal Muscle: Structure, Function, Energetics, Injury, and Repair General Information Skeletal muscles are innervated by the peripheral nervous system. They provide voluntary movement of the axial and appendicular skeleton. A motor unit consists of a single motor…
Prepared by Dr. Alper DUNKI Bone Functions: Provides mechanical support, regulates mineral homeostasis, harbors bone marrow elements. Types: Anatomy: Vascular and neural supply: Neurovascular bundles enter through the periosteum and run within Haversian and Volkmann canals. Inner two-thirds of cortical bone are supplied by the nutrient artery, while the outer one-third is nourished by periosteal vessels. Macrostructure:…
