Anatomy & Biomechanics

Dr. Omer POLAT Overview The human spine is a complex, segmented column providing both mobility and stability for the body. It consists of 33 vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 fused sacral, and 4 fused coccygeal segments. These vertebrae are interconnected through discs, ligaments, and muscles, forming a biomechanically dynamic structure that supports…

Basic Tumor Biology

Dr. Sefa Giray BATIBAY Musculoskeletal tumours are diverse, historically classified by morphology and histology.WHO classification is the gold standard. Advances in molecular biology, cytogenetics, and sequencing improved diagnostic precision (e.g., EWS-FLI1 in Ewing sarcoma, USP6 rearrangement in ABC). Tissue of Origin Most arise from mesenchymal tissue (bone, cartilage, fibrous tissue, fat, muscle). Some from neuroectodermal cells (nerve sheath tumours, PNET). Others…